Learning objectives
The main objective of this chapter to enable to students about research and development issue relating
to strategy implementation.
Going public means selling off a specific percentage of
the business to others in order to raise capital;
consequently, it shifts the owners' control of
the firm. Going public is not recommended for companies that initial costs can be too high for the firm to generate sufficient amount of cash inflows to make going public worthwhile. The firm must have sufficient amount
of capital to bear out lawyer,
underwriter and other documentation cost in order to form the business. In addition to initial costs
involved with a stock offering, there are costs and obligations associated with reporting and
management in
a publicly held firm. For firms with more than $10 million in sales, going public can
provide major advantages:
1.
It can allow the firm to raise capital to
develop new products,
2. To build plants,
3. Expand, grow, and market products and services more effectively.
Before
going public, a firm must have quality management with a proven track record for achieving
quality earnings and positive cash flow. The company also should
enjoy growing demand for its
products. Sales growth of about 5 or
6 percent a year is good for a private firm, but shareholders expect
public companies to grow around 10 to
15 percent per year.
Research and Development (R&D) Issues
Research and development (R&D) management can plays part in strategy implementation.
"New products and improvement of existing
products that allow for effective strategy implementation"
OR
"New products and improvement of existing
products that allow for effective
strategy
implementation"
These individuals are generally charged with developing new products and improving old products
in a
way that will allow effective strategy implementation.
R&D employees and managers perform tasks that
include
1. Transferring complex technology,
2. Adjusting processes to local raw materials,
3. Adapting processes to local markets,
4. Altering products to
particular tastes and specifications.
Strategies such as product development,market penetration, and concentric diversification require that new products
be successfully developed and that old products be
significantly improved. But the level of management support for R&D
is often constrained by resource availability:
Technological
improvements that both affect consumer and industrial products and services shorten
product life cycles. Companies in virtually every industry are relying on
the development of new
products and services to fuel profitability and growth.
Surveys suggest that the most successful organizations use an
R&D strategy that ties external
opportunities to internal strength and is linked with objectives. Well-formulated R&D policies match
market opportunities with internal capabilities and provide an initial screen to all ideas generated.
R&D policies can enhance strategy-implementation efforts to:
1. Develop robotics or manual-type processes.
2. Spend a high, average, or low amount
of money on R&D.
3. Perform R&D within the firm or to
contract R&D to outside firms.
4. Use university researchers or private sector researchers.
5. Emphasize product or process improvements.
6. Stress basic or applied research.
7. Be leaders or followers in R&D.
There must be effective
interactions between R&D departments and other functional departments in
implementing different types of generic business strategies. Conflicts between marketing,
finance/accounting, R&D, and information systems departments can be
minimized with clear policies
and objectives. Table gives some examples of
R&D activities that could be required for successful
implementation of various strategies. Many American utility, energy, and automotive companies are
employing their research and development departments to determine how the firm can effectively
reduce its greenhouse gas emissions.
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